Evolution of smart homes - Free Essay Example

I. Introduction Smart homes, the next gigantic leap in the field of home automation, have become an emerging research field in last few decades. Research on smart homes has been gradually moving towards application of ubiquitous computing, tackling issues on device heterogeneity and interoperability. A smart home adjusts its function to the inhabitantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s need according to the information it collects from inhabitants, the computation system and the context [1]. By 2050, approximately 20% of the world population will be at least 60 years old [2]. This age group is more likely to suffer from long-term chronic diseases and will face difficulties in living independently. According to World Health Organization (WHO), 650 million people live with disabilities around the world [3].The most common causes of disability include chronic diseases such as diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer; injuries due to road traffic crashes, conflicts, falls, landmines, mental impairments, birth defects, malnutrition, HIV/AIDS and other communicable diseases. It is not possible and logical to support all these patients in the medical center or nursing homes for an uncertain period of time. The solution is to accommodate health care services and assistive technologies in their home environment which is the main objective of smart homes. Sensors, multimedia devices and physiological equipments are core components to perceive information from home environment Infrared (IR) sensors, pressure sensors, magnetic contacts, passive and active Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags are used to track inhabitant location detection. Electrocardiogram (ECG), photoplethysmograph(PPG), ,temperature, spirometry, galvanic skin response, colorimetry and pulse measurement equipments are used to get physiological information from the patient. Camera and microphones provide audiovisual response from home user. Inhabitant can access the system through display panel. Power line communication protocols are widely used for the connectivity of home appliances. Public telecommunication network with voice and text messaging service is involved to provide telecare facility from remote location. Videoconferencing is used as an interactive communication media between caregiver and the client. TCP/IP protocols of Ethernet network provide data connectivity for local and remote sites and locations. Ethernet protocols are also used to connect health-monitoring equipments and to provide data repository service. Algorithms from machine learning, data compression, statistics and artificial intelligent are employed to predict user behavior, detect activities of daily life (ADL) and location. C4.5 algorithm from machine learning is utilized to build spatiotemporal context of user. C4.5 algorithm is developed by Quinlan in 1993 which classify the data to construct a decision tree according to data attributes [47].Active LeZi from data compression algorithms is used to predict inhabitantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s next behavior. Active LeZi by Gopalratnam et al..in 2007 builds a decision tree utilizing similar methodology of LZ78 data compression algorithm and predict next event using Prediction by Partial Matching (PPM) algorithm[22].Statistical predictive algorithms like Bayesian filtering, dynamic Bayesian network algorithms classify the information and recognize ADL of home client[34][41][44]. Different flavors of AI algorithms extended for smart home data processing. Markov model, Hidden Markov mode l, Artificial Neural Network can detect the living pattern of user and can also predict the user [7][13][14][38]. Fuzzy Logic is used for home appliance control [36]. Smart home is mainly dedicated to provide health care, safety, security and monitoring service for patient and elderly. The house is equipped with sensors, cameras to track people and can trigger an alarm to a remote heath care service provider in the case of emergency. Sophisticated physiological devices monitor heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, ECG record and the patient is being observed from a distance location. Telecommunication service is used for communicating with service provider, relatives or neighbor and as a redundant acknowledgement method from the patient. For home comfort system, lighting, heating, doors, windows and home appliances are automatically controlled by ambient intelligence of smart home. Smart home also has significant contribution towards energy conservation by integration of energy meter with smart home [4]. Home automation is the initial state of smart home where electronic technologies are used to provide an easy access to household devices. Rapid development of sensor technology accelerated the growth of smart home that involved more data processing. Improvement of information and communication technology make possible to develop easy and cost effective methods for data repository and exchange. Smart home is a growing concept, efficient and lower cost solutions for general people are the main idea to promote it. II. Smart Home defination Smart home is an extension of modern electronic, information and communication technologies. The main objective of smart home research is to provide smartness to a dwelling facility for comfort, healthcare, security and energy conservation. Remote monitoring system is a common component of health smart home where telecommunication and web technologies are used to provide quick and proper medication to the patient from specialized assistance centre. The first formal definition of smart home was published by Intertek in 2003, which was involved to Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) smart-homes project in UK [5]. According to Intertek a smart home is a dwelling incorporating a communications network that connects the key electrical appliances and services, and allows them to be remotely controlled, monitored or accessed. A home needs three things to make it smart: Internal network à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" wire, cable, wireless Intelligent control à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" gateway to manage the systems Home automation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" products within the homes and links to services and systems outside the home III. Review of Smart Homes Smart homes projects are being conducted for last several decades and they convey different ideas, functions and utilities. It is growing to different brunches of specialization focusing the interest of the researchers and user requirements and expectations. This article is a study of the evolution of smart home according to time. Adaptive Control of Home Environment (ACHE) system is developed by Mozer in 1998 in USA. ACHE monitors user device usage pattern utilizing different types of sensors and builds an adaptive inferential engine for neural network to control temperature, heating and lighting. ACHE can control three main components of a home while trying to maximize user comfort and conserve energy [7].ACHE is one of the early smart home projects which is able to partially automate home environment via controlling lighting, temperature and heating components. CarerNet is an architectural model of integrated and intelligent telecare system proposed by Williams et al. in 1998. Its core components are sensor set, a sensor bus, intelligent monitoring system and a control unit. ECG, photoplethysmograph, spirometry, temperature, galvanic skin response, colorimetry, and pulse measurement tools used to collect physiological data. The communication network within the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s local environment is an integration of HomeLAN and Body Area Network (BAN) which is responsible to carry real-time data, event data, command and control data. It has a distributed intelligence system in the form of smart sensors, smart therapy units, body-hub, Local Intelligence Unit (LIU) and Clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Healthcare Record (CHR). Home emergency alarm system, community health information and ambulatory monitoring service can be provided by the system. [8]. CarerNet is an abstract model of health smart home and interconnecting components. No proto type of the model has been developed. Only a hypothetical case study is of an individual who had undergone brain surgery after suffering from a subarachnoid is discussed. Barnes et al. in 1998 have evaluated life style monitoring data of elderly using infrastructure of British Telecom and Anchor Trust in England. The system detects inhabitantsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ movement using IR sensors and magnetic contacts on the entrance of the doors. To measure temperature it uses a temperature sensor in the main living area. An alarm activation system is developed which detects abnormal behavior and communicates to remote telecare control center, the clients and their carers[9]. The researchers presented a lower cost solution for smart telecare. The limitation of the system is it can identify only abnormal sleeping duration, unexpected inactivity, uncomfortable home temperature and fridge usage disorder. Moreover, it uses a special new telecom protocol named à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“No Ring Callingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? which demands modifying existing telecom protocols. TERVA is a health monitoring system developed in Finland by Korhonen et al.(1998). TERVA processes physiological information like blood pressure, heart beat rate, body temperature, body weight to draw graphical representation of wellness condition of the subject[10].Research goal of the TERVA system is to develop a real time visual monitoring system but it is unable to provide long-term trend of certain physiological information. It cannot detect physiological problems and no assistive service is deployed to provide health care. The intelligent home (IHome) project at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst has developed an intelligent environment (Lesser et al.1999) IHome is a simulated environment designed with Multi Agent Survivability Simulator (MASS) and a Java Agent Framework (JAF) as tools to evaluate agent behavior and their coordination. The focus of the project is to model agent interactions and task interactions so that the agent can evaluate the tradeoff between robustness and efficiency [11].IHome is a simulation only solution, the project never build a practical smart home to evaluate their model. The Aware Home Research at the Georgia Institute of Technology developed a smart home, which equipped with monitoring facilities to study human behavior (Kidd et al. 1999). To build a model of user behavior pattern, it uses smart floor to sense footsteps. Hidden Markov models, simple feature-vector averaging and neural network algorithms are applied on these data to create and evaluate behavioral model [12]. The aim of the project is to study user behavior, which is the primary stage of smart home research. The project never developed home intelligence which is a big shortfall of the research. The EasyLiving project at Microsoft Research based on intelligent environment to track multiple residents using distributed image-processing system (Krumm et al. 2000). The system can identify residents through active badge system. Measurements are used to define geometric relationship between the people, devices, places and things [13][14].The system is workable in single room only and can track upto three peoples simultaneously. SELF (Sensorized Environment for LiFe), is an intelligent environment, which enables a person to maintain his or her health through à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“self-communicationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Nishida et al. 2000). SELF observes the personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s behavior with distributed sensors invisibly embedded in the daily environment, extracts physiological parameters from it, analyzes the parameters, and accumulates the results. The accumulated results are used for reporting useful information to maintain the personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s health. The researchers constructed a model room for SELF consisted of a bed with pressure sensor array, a ceiling lighting dome with a microphone and a washstand with display[15].SELF describes a self-assessment system of human health but measuring only respiratory system and sleeping disorder, which is not sufficient to monitor health condition. The ENABLE project was set up in 2001 to measure the impact of assistive technology on the patient suffering from mild or moderate dementia (Adlam et al. 2004). The researcher installed two devices (cooker and night light) in the apartment of several patients in different locations to evaluate the efficiency of the system [16].The research scope is limited to only two household devices but to assist this type of patient the whole house must possess some kind of intelligence. Health Integrated Smart Home Information System (HIS) is an experimental platform for home based monitoring (Virone.et al. 2002). IR sensors are used to track inhabitant activities and the information is transmitted via Controller Area Network (CAN) to a local computer. The system generates alerts according to some predefine zones [17]. The research is only limited to single inhabitant monitoring. In 2002, GuillÃÆ' ©n et al. developed a system composed of two parts: home station (HS) and caregiver medical center (CMC) connected via integrated service digital network (ISDN) backbone. The home station is equipped with vital signs recording module to monitor physiological data like blood pressure, temperature, ECG, pulse oximetry. Caregiver medical center is like a call center designed specially with patient monitoring software. An interactive communication system between home and caregiver center is developed using videoconferencing technology [18]. Figure 1 shows functional modules of multimedia smart home. The system requires high Internet bandwidth for videoconferencing, which needs expensive equipments and high maintenance cost. Functional module of multimedia platform [18] At University of Tokyo, Noguchi et al (2002) designed an intelligent room to support daily life of the inhabitant. The system has three main components: data collection, data processing and integration of processed data. The system learns current state of environment from sensors attached to bed, floor, table and switches. A summarization algorithm is used to track any changes in the system. The algorithm segments the collected sensory data at the points where sensor outputs changes drastically (i.e. pressure data appears suddenly or switch sensors are changed). It labels the segment with the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“room stateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. It joins a state of each segment to quantize the accumulated data and ties up the changed situation. The algorithm also tries to eliminate and reduces situations that changes slightly [19].The proposed summarization algorithm can detect user activities which is tested for single room only. No home automation method discussed utilizing the algorithm. MavHome (Managing an Adaptive Versatile Home) first introduced by Das et al. in 2002 at the University of Texas, Arlington [20]. Figure 2 describes MavHome architecture in brief. MavHome use multi disciplinary technologies: artificial intelligent, multimedia technology, mobile computing and robotics. It is divided into four abstract layers: physical, communication, information and decision. X10 protocol is used to control and monitor more than sixty X10 devices plugged into the home electric wiring system [21]. Active LeZi algorithm is developed that makes a decision tree based on kth order Markov model and predict next action calculating probability of all actions applying prediction by partial matching method [22]. Although MovHome utilize algorithms to make accurate prediction and decision, it only predicts the behavior of single inhabitant [23]. concrete architecture of MavHome[21] The Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center on Technology for Successful aging (RERC-Tech-Aging) at the University of Florida introduced à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“House of Matildaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Helel et al. 2003, 2005)[24].The home is inhabited by a dummy called Mutilda. The main aim of this research is to perceive user location using ultrasound technology. After two years, in 2005 they designed the second generation of this home named à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“GatorTechà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[25]. GatorTech is actually integration of smart device with sensors and actuators to optimize the comfort and safety of older peoples. The system is not user friendly because it requires wearable device for user tracking. In 2004, Mihailidis et al. developed a computer vision system in pervasive healthcare systems. The vision system consists of three agents: sensing, planning and prompting. Statistics and physics based methods of segmenting skin color in digital images are used for face and hand tracing [26]. Only hand and face tracing is not sufficient to make an efficient smart home system, the system should include body tracking and hand gesture reorganization. Multimedia Laboratories, NTT DoCoMo Inc. in Japan, has developed a system for modeling and recognizing personal behavior utilizing sensors and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tag (Isoda et al. 2004)[27]. C4.5 algorithm is used to construct decision tree from the data obtained from the sensors and RFID tags. The userà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s behavioral context at any given moment is obtained by matching the most recently detected states with previously defined task models. The system is an effective way for acquiring userà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s spatiotemporal context but no intelligent system is developed for home appliances control. Andoh et al. in 2004 developed a networked non-invasive health monitoring system analyzing breath rate, heart rate, snoring and body movement. Researchers adopted Ethernet network for breath monitoring system implementation. The system can estimate sleep stages analyzing data using the algorithm developed for the purpose [28]. The system cannot summarize long term observation of patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s sleeping disorder. In 2005, Masuda et al. have developed a health monitoring arrangement using existing telecommunication system for home visit rehabilitation therapists. Researchers used an air filled mat to measure heartbeat and respiratory condition. When the patient lies on the air mat, his heartbeat and respiratory movement cause significant change in air pressure inside the mat, which is measured by pressure sensor and analyzed by appropriate filtering process [29]. The interesting part of the project is the usage of an air bag as monitoring equipment but its limitation is, it can only measure heart rate and respiratory condition. In 2005, Ma et al emphasized on context awareness to provide automatic services in smart home. They used case-based reasoning (CBR) to provide more appropriate services. CBR technique relies on previous interactions and experiences to find solutions for current problems. The system can adopt any manual adjustment done by modifying case data [30].This is the initial state of the project where few scenarios like AC, TV, lamp interaction is evaluated. Their future plan is to add more contexts and enrich the features of case tables. The House_n group at MIT designed PlaceLab a new living laboratory for the study of ubiquitous technologies in home environment (Intille et al. 2005). PlaceLab deployed with numerous wire, light, pressure, temperature water, gas, current sensors with video and audio devices to create vast amount of real life data from single volunteers as well as couples [31].The goal of the project is to study human behavior, influence of technology on the people and how technology can be used to simplify user interaction with home appliances. Their main contribution is an open online database of smart home sensor events and a well featured analyzing software [48].Researchers never implemented the study to build an autonomous intelligent home. Yamazaki (2006) constructed Ubiquitous Home, a real-life test bed, for home context-aware service. It is a housing test facility for the creation of useful new home services by linking devices, sensors, and appliances across data networks. Active and passive RFID tags located above the ceiling and at the entrance of the door are used to detect and recognize inhabitants. Pressure sensors are used to track user movement and furniture. The system is occupied with plasma panels, liquid crystal display and microphone for better interaction with the users. A network robot is employed to perform certain home services. Researchers concluded that the goal of smart home is not to design an automated home but to develop an environment using interface technologies between human and the system [32].Although, the researchers installed enough sensors and interfacing devices , the system is only sensible to few task automations like TV program selection, cooking recipe display and forgotten property service. Ha et al. (2006) presents a sensor-based indoor location-aware system that can identify residents location. Researchers used an array of Pyroelectric Infrared (PIR) sensor and proposed a framework of smart home location aware system. An algorithm is developed to process the information collected from PIR sensors for inhabitant location detection. Their next step is to design an algorithm to determine location and trajectory of multiple residents simultaneously [33]. The project in dedicated to user location detection system which is an essential part of smart home. No system is developed to provide intelligence to the house employing user location. In 2007, Rahal et al. at DOMUS laboratory, Universit ´e de Sherbrooke, Canada, utilized Bayesian Filtering methods to determine location of the inhabitants. Bayes filters are efficiently used to estimate a personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s location using a set of fixed sensors. In this method, the last known position and the last sensor event are both used to estimate a new location. The algorithm based on Bayesian filtering shows a mean localization accuracy of 85% [34].This project also deals with user location detection algorithm, no home automation is developed using the processed information. De Silva et al. (2007) have implemented an audiovisual retrieval and summarization system utilizing multimedia technology for human behavior tracking. Using a large number of cameras a hierarchical clustering of audio and video handover used to create personalized video clips. An adaptive algorithm is used for complete and compact summary of the video retrieved. Basic audio analysis methods are applied for accurate audio segmentation and source localization. An interface allowed users to incorporate their knowledge into the search process and obtain more accurate results for their queries [35].The system can track people, extract key frame, localize sound source, detect lighting change but cannot distinguished different people. At Tampere University of Technology, Vainio et al.(2008) developed a proactive fuzzy home-control system. An adaptive algorithm applied to evaluate the test on obtained results. The goal of the research is to help elderly people live independently at home. Developed system can recognize routines and also recognize deviations from routines. The system can provide information to caregivers about living rhythm, sleeping disorders, and medicine taking of inhabitant [36]. But the system works sensibly only for lighting control. In 2008, Swaminathan et al. proposed an object reorganization system using visual image localization and registration. Appliances are first registered in the image processing system. According to the voice command of the user, appropriate object is selected using an environmental map [27].It is actually a home automaton project using speech reorganization to receive user command and commands are executed to the objects which already known to the system. Growing Self-Organizing Maps (GSOM) used a self-adaptive neural network to detect and recognize activities of daily life addressed by Zheng et al in 2008 [38] [39]. The GSOM follows the basic principle of the Kohonen self-organizing map with a special focus on adaptive architecture. The learning process of the GSOM is started by generating an initial network composed by four neurons on a 2-dimensional grid, followed by iteratively presenting training data samples. The system is tested in single room apartment for about two weeks where it can recognized user pattern of 22 distinct activities. Like other Self Adaptive Neural Networks (SANN), the system is depends on several learning parameters to be determined in advance such as initial learning rate and the size of the initial neighborhood. Other machine learning method must be utilized in parallel to determine optimum parameter for best performance. In 2008, Perumal et al. from Institute of Advanced Technology of University Putra Malaysia (UPM) have presented a design and implemented Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) based residential engagement for smart home systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s appliances control [40]. An appliance control module based on SOAP and web services developed to solve the interoperation of various home appliances in smart home systems. Fifteen feedback based control channels implemented with residential management system through Web Services. If the residential management system experiences server downtime, the home appliances can still be controlled using alternate control mechanism with GSM network via SMS Module locally and remotely. This system offers a complete, bi-directional real-time control and monitoring of smart home systems. No security mechanism is used to protect the web server from unauthorized access. Virone et al. present a dozens of statistical behavioral patterns obtained from an activity monitoring pilot study. The pilot study examined home activity rhythms of 22 residents in an assisted living environment with four case studies. Established behavioral patterns have been captured using custom software based on a statistical predictive algorithm that models circadian activity rhythms (CARs) and their deviations (Virone et al. 2008). The system cannot differentiate multiple inhabitants [41]. Yoo et al. examined web-based implementation possibility of a central repository to integrate the biosignal data arrives from various types of devices in a remote smart home. Medical waveform description Format Encoding Rule (MFER) standard is followed for communicating and storing the biosignal data in ubiquitous home health monitoring system. The web-based technology allowed ubiquitous access to the data from remote location. The paper presents a common data format for all types of sensor (Yoo et al. 2008)[42].Figure 3 describes functional architecture of web based data retrieval system. Information security, which is a burning issue for any web based system is not considered in this research. A web-based architecture for transferring the measured biosignal data from the u-House to the remote central repository. A snow-flake data model is designed by Zhang et al. in 2008 to represent the activitiesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ data in smart homes [43]. Sensor data are stored in the homeML structure. A new algorithm is proposed on the prediction of class labels for variable person and activities of daily life (ADL) indicating who is doing what, given the observed episode and time information. Accuracy is calculated as the proportion of the number of correctly predicted class over the total number of episodes in the evaluation dataset. The learning output in the form of a joint probability distribution is also assessed by the distance to the true underlying probability distribution, using the Euclidean metric. The smaller the distance is, the closer the learned model to the true situation. The algorithm is based on probabilistic distribution and able to predict ADL of more than one inhabitant. The result given is based on simulated data and the example shows only one task identification (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"m aking drinkà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ activities). In 2008, Park et al. proposed a method for recognizing ADL at multiple levels of details by combining multi-view computer vision and RFID based direct sensor [44]. A hierarchical recognition scheme is proposed by building a dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) that encompasses both coarse-level and fine-level ADL recognition. Their methodology combines the two tracking technology. The system requires wearable RFID tag which is not comfortable for users. Rashidi et al. developed CASAS at Washington State University in 2008. CASAS is an adaptive smart home that utilizes machine-learning techniques to discover patterns in user behaviour and to automatically mimic these patterns. The goal is to keep the resident in control of the automation. Users can provide feedback on proposed automation activities, modify the automation policies, and introduce new requests. In addition, CASAS can discover changes in residents behaviour patterns automatically. Frequent and Periodic Activity Miner (FPAM) algorithm mines this data to discover frequent and periodic activity patterns. These activity patterns are modelled by their Hierarchal Activity Model (HAM), which utilizes the underlying temporal and structural regularities of activities to achieve a satisfactory automation policy. User can provide feedback on proposed automation activities, modify the automation policies, and introduce new requests [45].To make a system more interactive smart home s hould be equipped with voice reorganization facilities which is absent in this system. Raad et al. developed a cost-effective user-friendly telemedicine system to serve the elderly and disabled people. An architecture of telemedicine support in smart home that consists of web and telecom interface is considered in their research (Raad et al. 2008)[46]. This system also suffers from information security issues. PRIMA (Perception, recognition and integration for interactive environments) research group of the LIG laboratory at the INRIA Grenoble research center in France has defined a model for contextual learning in smart homes (2009). The authors developed a 3D smart environment consisting cameras, a microphone array and headset microphones for situation modeling. It relies on 3D video tracking and role detection process regarding activities of the person. Roles are learned by support vector machines (SVM). It is also capable to learn speed of the inhabitant and distance to the interacting object. Proposed system can identify situations like introduction, presentation, aperitif, game and siesta. Its error rate is very high [49]. Kim et al. developed a pyroelectric infrared (PIR) sensor based indoor location aware system (PILAS) in 2009.The system uses an array of PIR sensors attached with the ceiling and detects inhabitantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s location by combining overlapped detected areas. PIR sensors construct a virtual map of resident location transition. To improved accuracy, they applied Bayesian classifier using a multivariate Gaussian probability density function to determine the location of an inhabitant. PILAS is unable to detect multiple residents [50]. Wang et al. have developed a smart home monitoring and controlling system(2009). The system can be controlled from remote locations through an embedded controller. They have developed different GUI for mobile devices and PCs. Each device has a unique address. A new command format to control the devices is introduced. It is a complex system and not compatible to previous smart homes architectures [51]. Yongping et al. have developed an embedded web server to control equipments using Zigbee protocol (2009). For this purpose they used S3C2410 microprocessor which was programmed with Linux 2.6 kernel. To provider online access a small web server (only 60 Kbytes) named Boa is installed. An interface had also been designed to communicate with Zigbee module (MC13192).The system do possess any type of intelligence [52]. Hussain el al. have developed inhabitant identification system using wireless sensor network (WSN) and RFID sensors (2009). The system can identify user location by the intensity of the Radio Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) of WSN. A person is recognized by attached a RFID tag. The combined reading of RSSI signal and RFID receiver can successfully identify specific location of a resident in the home. The system is limited to single person tracking [53]. At Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) in Taiwan, Chen et al. developed a smart home which integrates different communication protocols to build a home network. They initiated Smart Appliance Alliance Net (SAANet) standard which combined different communication protocols like Universal Plug and Play (UPnP), Digital Living Network Alliance (DLNA), Open Service Gateway Initiative (OSGi) and so on. The researchers also developed intelligent home appliances. These appliances have microcontrollers to receive commands and send status to the system. They constructed a smart energy home lab to reduce energy wastage. The researchers only discussed about smart appliances and communication protocols. No idea provided for intelligent control of the appliances [54]. Casattenta is an ambient intelligence system developing by Earella et al. in Italy (2009). The researchers used wireless sensor network (WSN) to monitor elderly in order to recognize activity disorders like fall, immobility, reaction incapacity etc. The system utilized wearable kits to gather information about the user. TinyOS based mote in TmoteSky platform is used for this purpose. It can only identify motion based disorder. Physiological data acquisition like body temperature, heartbeat rate, blood pressure are yet to be implemented [55]. Controlling System and Status Retaining System (CSnSRS) is proposed by Kumar et al. to automate home appliances. The system consists of computer as a controlling device and uses X10 protocol to control home appliances. The researchers used a device called safe mode panel to retain the status of home appliances. The panel is useful to overcome from the situation in case of power failure which they called à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Safe Modeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? operation. A power saving mode is also proposed by turning off the controlling device when the appliance status is not changing. The researchers did not implement CSnSRS [56] Arcelus et al. measured sit-to-stand (SiSt) duration to estimate a personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s physical mobility (2009).To measure SiSt duration they used pressure sensors placed underneath the bed and on the floor. The start time is determined by an algorithm based on the motion of the center of pressure (COP) on the mattress towards the front edge of the bed. The end time is estimated by using a 3rd order transfer function by modeling the foot pressure on the floor. Results show that post-hip-fracture and post-stroke adults produced longer SiSt durations than those of young and old healthy adults. To determine start or end time error, they used visual verification of video recording data. The research can not determine other characteristics of SiSt transfer such as the usage of hands to assist in the transfer, a measure of the forward trunk lean, the occurrence of unsuccessful transfers and a measure of stability in the standing position [57]. At National Taiwan University Lu et al built a prototype of smart home named à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“CoreLabà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. They developed a location aware activity recognition system for an Attentive Home. Instead of using simple sensors, CoreLab uses integrated components called ambient-intelligence compliant objects (AICO).There are different types of AICOs for different purposes such as power usage, contact, pressure, location and motion detection AICOs. An enhanced version of naÃÆ' ¯ve Bayes classification method is utilized to detect location aware activities of inhabitant. The proposed system can classify ADL of the user with a high confidence level. They developed an application named à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Activity Mapà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? to represent graphical contextual information about human and environment. The approach is focused on only single inhabitant tracking [58]. IV. Discussion Smart home aimed to different groups of user and various services involved for providing support to these groups. Widespread utilization of sensor technology, high-end data processing devices, specialized methods and algorithms are the key elements of a smart home. A block diagram of smart system is shown in figure 4 [6]. General Organization of smart system [6] A. User Smart homes are aimed to provide health care support to elderly, disabled people. These types of users are normally suffering from long term diseases which do not require critical medical support. It is not possible and logical to ensure these types of health support in traditional medical centre. Smart homes are transferring these types of medical facilities to citizens dwelling places. One of the target user groups of smart homes is the elderly people. These people do not has good sense and frequently forget about everything. Even they can not make their way to hospital. This target group requires safety, security and immediate health support in case of emergency. Smart homes can support in daily life of disabled people like patient with bone fracture, hearing problems, blindness and mental disorder. These people need continuous monitoring under an intelligent environment. Patient suffering from other diseases can be beneficial using this technology. Bio signal monitoring equipments can be used for smart health care support. The medial centres are planning to adopt this technology. Smart homes can be utilized to provide services to healthy people, too. Smart homes monitors wellness condition of the healthy people and warns the resident if any vital sign found. For general people smart homes offer comfort, safety, security and energy conservation. There are some ethical issues about privacy of human life. User private life should not be exposed to public. Although telehealth care improved the heath care service but it also creates problems as the access of information becomes simple and easy. Security issues can be eliminated by providing security mechanism that currently used in computer networks. Users are the most important elements of smart home. Future home should also concern about satisfaction of inhabitant. The monitoring devices should be installed in such a way that inhabitant can forgot about their existent. More study is necessary about user life style, their satisfaction, requirements and adaptation to the system. B. Devices and Equipments Smart Homes rely on data acquisition equipments and devices to assess the environment and resident. These monitoring devices can be classified into four categories: sensors, physiological equipments, multimedia devices and motes. Table 1 gives a list of home monitoring equipments and devices. Table 1: Smart Home monitoring equipments Author Category Type Year Mozer [7] sensor light ,motion, temperature sensor 1998 Williams et al.[8] physiological equipment ECG, photoplethysmograph, spirometry, temperature, galvanic skin response , colorimetry and pulse measurement equipments 1998 Barnes et. al. [9] sensor IR sensors, magnetic contacts, temperature sensor 1998 Nishida et al [15] sensor, multimedia device pressure sensor, display. microphone 2000 Virone.et al.[17] sensor IR ,blood pressure, heart rate, weight, SaO2 sensor 2002 Guilln et al.[18] sensor blood pressure, temperature, ECG, pulse oximetry sensor 2002 Noguchi et al.[19] sensor pressure and switch sensors 2002 Helel et al. [24][25] sensor RFID, ultrasonic, temperature, pressure 2003 Masuda et al. [29] sensor pressure sensor inside a air bag 2005 Intille et al. [31] sensor, multimedia device light, pressure, temperature, water, gas, current sensors video and audio recording equipment 2005 Yamazaki[32] sensor, multimedia device active and passive RFID tag, pressure sensor, plasma panels, liquid crystal display and microphone 2006 Ha et al. [33] sensor PIR sensor 2006 Rahal et al[34] sensor IR, tactile carpets light switches door contacts, pressure sensor 2007 De Silva et al.[35] multimedia device Camera, microphone 2007 Swaminathan et al.[37] multimedia device camera, microphone 2008 Zhang et al.[43] Sensor switch , object detection sensor 2008 Park et al [44] sensor computer vision, RFID 2008 Brdiczka et al [49] Multimedia devices Camera, microphone array, headset 2009 Kim et al [50] sensor PIR sensor 2009 Hussain et al [53] sensor Mote, RFID 2009 Earella et al [55] mote TmoteSky 2009 Arcelus at al[57] sensor Pressure sensor 2009 Lu et al [58] sensor Pressure,power, motion etc 2009 A sensor network is responsible to gather environmental parameter about the home. Usage of light and temperature sensors is very common in smart homes [7], [24],[25],[31]. Light sensors are normally used to measure illumination intensity of a specific location. Pressure sensors are widely used for inhabitant location detection [32], [34]. Researchers also employ RFID and PIR sensors for location identification [24],[25],[32],[33],[44],[50]. Power sensors indicate currently using devices [58]. Sensors utilize a very low data bandwidth for communication. Sensors are unreliable and very prone to noise. There should be some methods to improve accuracy rate of sensor networks. Smart homes are equipped with medical instruments to provide health care facilities. Blood pressure, body temperate, body weight and pulse measuring equipments are frequently used to monitor patientsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ health condition [8], [17], [18]. Sometimes researchers used sophisticated medical equipments like ECG, PPG etc [8], [18]. Bio signal data format varies according to the type of devices and a common data format is proposed by Yoo et al. based on MFER standers [42]. There is a problem choosing appropriate instrument which will exactly match with user requirements. Researchers select a set of equipments according to target patients and diseases. Multimedia device have been introduced to make an interactive and user friendly home environment [31], [32], [35], [37], [44],[49]. Cameras and microphones are commonly used for data acquisition. Plasma display, headset and LCD provide a platform for information exchange. Utilizing multimedia technology is the best way to promote smart homes as it gives home a flavor of living environment to the resident. Multimedia data processing for this purpose is still in primitive stage. We need to go far away to get an effective image processing and voice reorganization systems for smart homes. Recently motes are using in smart homes [53], [55]. Mote is a wireless node used in WSN. It gives integrated standalone predefined functionality for rapid development of sensing network. Mote is expensive and limited to some specific usage. To enrich the intelligent system, smart home must be provided with sufficient information from sensor, cameras, microphone and other interfacing devices. Sensory information is prone to noise and misguide the information processing system with wrong output signal. Image processing system requires more hardware resource and relatively long time to detect and reorganize human face. If the home exceeds inhabitant limit or inhabitant change his location frequently the system becomes unstable. Voice reorganization system sometimes failed to detect commands and irritating repetition of the same speech makes the user frustrated. The sensors and devices used in smart homes are sufficient to perceive information from the resident and environment. There may be some future work for noise reduction and energy optimization. Now the main challenge is to combine the information gathered from different types of sensor networks, equipments and multimedia system. C. Communication media and protocols Smart homes equipments are connected through a communication network to share and exchange information. X10 and Zigbee protocols are specially designed for house hold device control. Protocols from other established technologies like Telecommunication, Internet are added to the system for grater functionality. Table 2 lists a summary of used communication media and protocols. Table 2: Communication media used in smart Home Author Type Purpose Year Mozer[7] Power-line communication system sensor network 1998 Williams et al.[8] Telecommunication connecting client to the carer 1998 Barnes et. al. [9] Telecommunication communicates with remote telecare control center, the clients and their carers 1998 Guilln et al.[18] ISDN Videoconferencing 2002 Das et al[20] X10 control home appliances 2002 Andoh et al. [28] Ethernet protocol monitoring equipment connectivity 2004 Perumal et al[40] Ethernet protocol( Simple Object Access Protocol) (SOAP) SMS control home appliance 2008 Yoo et al. [42] MFER(Medical waveform description Format Encoding Rule) Internet communicating and storing the bio signal data, access to the data from remote location 2008 Raad et al. [46] Telemedicine support in smart home 2008 Yongping et al [52] Communication Zigbee 2009 Chen et al.[54] Communication UPnP,DLNA,OSGi etc 2009 Kumar et al. [56] Communication X10 2009 X10 is the most popular communication protocol used in smart homes [7], [20], [56]. It uses electrical power line to transmit signals. X10 data transmission rate is 20bit/s and can address upto 256 home appliances. It uses preinstalled house wiring to transmit X10 data which is processed by X10 devices. It is very slow, limited to few command functionalities. Moreover some noise filtering device used in modern electrical equipment may filter X10 data as a noise. Zigbee is another accepted protocol to create a wireless home network [52]. It is a low power, lower cost wireless communication protocol. Zigbee constructs a low speed wireless ad hoc network of nodes. CSMA/CD access mechanism provides reliable data transfer through the wireless medium. IEEE 802.15.4 standard specifies the physical layer and media access control of the protocol. It is a complex protocol with tight power and bandwidth constraint. Internet is a cost effective and readily available solution for remote communication. It provides data access facilities for telehealth care centers from distance locations [42]. Sometimes Ethernet used to connect home monitoring equipments [28].Internet has a wide coverage area with a lower cost public network and it can provide high data bandwidth for multimedia data transmission. Internet is vulnerable to unauthorized access. Telecommunication facilities are recently introduced for telehealth care support. Some researchers are using video conferencing utilizing ISDN network [18].Traditional telephone lines are used to communicate between client and carers [8], [9].SMS based system is also an effective solution to exchange information [40]. Other protocols like UPnP, DLNA, OSGi etc are also used for home appliance control [54]. Smart home employed protocols from different technologies. There are inconsistencies between data format generated from heath monitoring equipments, sensors, TCP/IP packets and telecom data format. For data storage and interoperability a common slandered of data format must be developed. Communication protocols, services and systems also influence on the reliability of smart home. Power line communication system is vulnerable to noise generated by electric power transmission. Sometimes client lives out of telecommunication service area. Wireless communication service erupted by electromagnetic wave generated from home appliances. Internet system and Ethernet network faces packet loss problem in case of improper shielding and wiring. Recent modern technologies are quite enough to establish a functional communication network for smart homes. Future research should be focused on cost reduction and energy conservation. D. Algorithms and methods The purpose of algorithm is to provide intelligence for making the home environment interactive. Location detection algorithms are derived to employ location based services and gather information about location based activities of home user. Prediction, classification and summarization algorithms add functionalities of behavior tracking and activity recognition. Table 3 gives an overall idea about used methods and algorithms. Table 3: Algorithms and methods for home utilization Author Algorithm/Methods Function Year Mozer [7] Artificial Neural Network Prediction of future states of the home environment 1998 Williams et al.[8] Distributed intelligent system Health monitoring from remote location 1998 Lesser et al.[11] Multi Agent system Simulation of agent interactions and task interactions 1999 Krumm [13][14]. Hidden Markov model, simple feature-vector averaging and neural network algorithm To create and evaluate behavioral model 2000 Guilln et al.[18] Videoconferencing technology Interactive communication 2002 Noguchi et al.[19] Summarization algorithm To track any changes in the system 2002 Mihailidis et al.[26] Statistics and physics based methods face and hand tracing 2004 Isoda et al. [27] C4.5 algorithm Build Spatiotemporal context 2004 Ma et al. [30] Case-based reasoning (CBR) Context awareness 2005 Rahal et al[34] Bayesian Filtering methods To determine location of the inhabitants 2007 De Silva et al[35] Video retrieval algorithm, audio segmentation Behavior tracking 2007 Gopalratnam et al.[22] Active LeZi Next activity Prediction 2007 Vainio et al[36] Fuzzy logic To recognize routines and also deviations from routines. To control lighting system 2008 Zheng et al. [38] Self-adaptive neural network To detect and recognize activities of daily life 2008 Virone et al.[41] Statistical predictive algorithm To model circadian activity rhythms (CARs) 2008 Zhang et al.[43] prediction algorithm To predict activities of daily life(ADL) 2008 Park et al [44] dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) ADL recognition 2008 Rashidi et al. [45] Frequent and Periodic Activity Miner (FPAM) algorithm To discover frequent and periodic activity patterns 2008 Brdiczka et al.[49] SVM Activity reorganization 2009 Kim et al. [50] Bayesian classifier Location detection 2009 Lu et al.[58] Nave Bayes classification Location aware activity detection 2009 Artificial Neural Network can predict future state of the home environment by observing usage pattern of home appliances [7]. It can also utilize to detect and recognize ADL of the resident [38].Modeling of human behavior is another possible application of neural network [13], [14].Neural network consume high processing power and huge storage for data processing. Vast amount of information should be used to train up the system which requires more time to get reasonable efficiency. Neural network is still popular because it does not require any previous knowledge about the home environment and resident which is very effective to design a complex system like smart homes. C4.5 algorithm used to build spatiotemporal context of home user [27].C4.5 is a popular machine learning algorithm which used to classify data according to different data attributes for predicting the future. Smart homes researchers applied C4.5 to match the current behavior pattern of the inhabitant with a class of previous patterns to recognize the activity state. A major disadvantage of C4.5 is that it takes long CPU time and additional memory for rule sets. Bayesian filtering methods used to determine location of the inhabitants [34], [50]. It used last known position and last sensor state to improve accuracy of location prediction Dynamic Bayesian algorithm can identify ADL utilizing a hierarchical recognition scheme [44]. Bayesian methods derived from statistical inference which make a classification of gathered information and filter according to some predefine roles. These algorithms only consider the immediate previous state to predict the future. Fuzzy logic is effective for home appliances control [36].Instead of using only binary logic, fuzzy systems used multi-valued logic for logical reasoning. Fuzzy logic is popular for control system, not for home intelligence. Multi agent systems are useful when there are different types of agents for different purpose and agents should incorporate each other by knowledge sharing. Each of the agents is responsible his own domain and exchange information which has a grater impact on the total system. In smart homes multi agent system is used for simulating agent interaction and task interactions [11].If we consider smart home is a collection of agents and sensors, multi agent systems are the best option to employ distributed intelligence. For interactive environment equipped with audio visual equipment we need to add more methods for multi media data processing. Hidden Markov model (HMM) can be used to create and evaluate behavioral model [13], [14].Markov model depends on previous several states for prediction. HMM is used when some states of Markov model are missing or hidden from the information system. HMM needs to be optimized according to numbers of states and accuracy. Image processing methods is an efficient way for human activity recognition. It can segments the skin color of digital image for face and hand tracing [26].Image processing methods seems to have a grater possibilities of adoption for future smart homes but its implementation is very complicated and still in early stage. Audiovisual retrieval and summarization system is also helpful for behavior tracking [35]. Case based reasoning (CBR) and prediction algorithms takes decision based on previous states. Context awareness, a common feature of smart environment can be achieved by CBR [30].Active LeZi and other predictive algorithms also works with previous history to predict ADL off the resident [22],[43]. These methods can not differentiate between noise and data. Resent changes in user behavior take time to reflect back to the system. Statistical predictive algorithm used to model circadian activity rhythms [41]. Frequent and periodic activity miner (FPAM) algorithm is developed by CASAS at WSA to discover frequent and periodic activity patterns [45].User can set policies and provide feedback to customize the system. SVM is also useful for activity reorganization [49]. Algorithms are used to processed information and provide services but limited to specific functions only. Total home automation with reasonable intelligence is still a dream. Algorithms are used for location detection, next event prediction, face and hand tracing, ADL reorganization and pattern classification but can not provide reliable task automation. Processing huge information generated from input devices needs advanced data processing equipments. Using only AI algorithms will never make the system automated, the system must be utilized interface technology like interactive display and voice reorganization system to know user requirement at a given moment. Algorithms are the most challenging part for smart homes research. There are not enough algorithms for tracking multiple inhabitants in the same time. Accuracy of the algorithms is not so satisfactory to completely rely on them. Instead of aiding people for house hold task it may irritate the user alienating people from this technology. Although researchers are using various algorithms and methods for smart homes, smart homes still partially depend of human interaction to take the accurate decision. E. Services and Utilities Smart home technology achieved significant improvement in health care systems like patient monitoring, telemedicine and wellness monitoring. Healthy people should concern about the wellness condition their own health to take precaution before illness. Self monitoring system draws graphical wellness condition of the resident [10]. Smart homes track the user and generates alarm if any vital sign found [17].Repository and sleeping disorder assessment is another parameter for wellness measurement [15]. Smart homes can monitor physiological data [29] and able to recognize sleeping stage [28]. Smart homes technologies devoted to provide comfort and safety to the elderly [24]. The house can recognize fall, immobility and reaction incapacity [55]. Services are targeted to specific patient groups like dementia [16]. This housing facility can control night light and cooker. A recent project devoted to measure sit-to-stand duration as a parameter of wellness for the patient suffering from bone fracture [56]. Telemedicine is an alternative way to ensure health care facilities. Patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s physiological information is monitored from remote health support center [18],[46]. The house may be equipped with videoconferencing facilities for communication between client and service provider [18]. The home can identify sleeping disorder, inactivity, abnormal temperature and appliance usage disorder of the elderly and automatically contact to the carer [9]. Effective inhabitant activity classification, recognition and modeling are important elements to implement intelligence to the house. Smart homes can model circadian activity rhythm and spatiotemporal context. It can detect [19] and classify [58] ADL and mimic these pattern [45]. Researcher refines ADL to coarse-level and fine-level [44]. The system can recognize AC, TV and lamp usage patterns [30], [43]. Human tracking, localization of sound source and lighting change can also be detected by the home monitoring system [35]. Recent projects can successfully identify up to 22 activity pattern which is a great improvement is this area [38], [39]. A project at MIT is devoted to psychological behavior study of the resident [31]. One of the major goals of smart homes is to increase comfort by reducing interaction of the inhabitant with the house hold devices. Smart homes can control basic environmental parameter of the house like light, temperature and heating according to choice and habits of the resident [7],[20],[30].Researchers added extended facilities like TV program selection, cooking recipe display and forgotten property service to the system [32]. It can rearrange the home equipment according to residentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s habit [13][14]. Resent smart homes can identify situations like introduction, presentation, aperitif, game, siesta and can control lighting and music according to that [49]. Monitoring and control of the home appliances from remote location is a popular service that can easily be provided via smart homes [40].Web based solutions are readily available for this purpose [51], [52]. Mobile devices are also able to accommodate the service [51]. Web based data repository service is introduced for biological data logging [42].Voice operated systems are replacing traditional home automation system [37]. Instead of old dumb house hold devices, intelligent appliances are being used for more functionality [54].Energy conservation is also achievable by smart homes [54]. Most of the services are applicable for the smart homes where only one resident in living. Even sometimes it is limited to single room only. Some projects are devoted to location detection, did not implemented any service [33], [34], [50], [53]. Several hypothetical smart home designs are proposed which will be quipped with almost all health care service but in practical they are still a dream [8].People are claiming their project may accommodate a lot of services but workable for only a few situations [36]. Table 4: Smart homes utilities and services Authors Service Purpose Year Mozer et al.[7] Comfort Lighting, temperature and heating control 1998 Barnes et al.[9] Telemedicine Abnormal sleeping disorder, unexpected inactivity, uncomfortable home temperature, fridge usage disorder detection and contact to carer. 1998 Korhonen et al. [10] Wellness monitoring Graphical representation of Wellness condition. 1998 Krumm et al.[13],[14] Comfort Arrange home environment according to the residents desire 2000 Nishida et al. [15] Wellness monitoring Respiratory and sleeping disorder assessment 2000 Adlam et al.[16] Health care Cooker and night light control for the patient suffering dementia 2001 Virone et al.[17] Wellness monitoring Activity tracking and alarm generation 2002 Guillen et al.[18] Telemedicine Health monitoring and support form remote location 2002 Noguchi et al. [19] Activity recognition Detection of user activities 2002 Das et al.[20] Comfort Home appliance control 2002 Helel et al.[24] Aging in place To provide comfort and safety to the elderly 2003 Isoda et al. [27] Activity recognition Spatiotemporal context modeling 2004 Andoh et al.[28] Wellness monitoring Sleeping stage recognition 2004 Masuda et al.[29] Wellness monitoring Measuring heart bit rate and monitoring respiratory system 2005 Ma et al.[30] Activity recognition AC, TV and lamp usage activity reasoning 2005 Intille et al. [31] Activity monitoring Study human interaction with the home appliance 2005 Yamazaki Comfort TV program selection, cooking recipe display and forgotten property service 2006 De Silva et al.[35] Activity recognition Human tracking, localize sound source and lighting change detection 2007 Vainio et al.[36] Ageing in place Lighting control 2008 Swaminathan et al.[37] Home automation Voice operated appliance control 2008 Zheng et al.[38],[39] Activity recognition Can recognize 22 distinct activities 2008 Perumal et al. [40] Remote control controlling and monitoring home appliance from remote location 2008 Virone et al.[41] Activity recognition Modeling circadian activity rhythms and their deviations 2008 Yoo et al. [42] Data repository Web based repository of bio signal data 2008 Zhang et al. [43] Activity recognition Identification of drink making activities 2008 Park et al. [44] Activity recognition Coarse level and fine level ADL recognition 2008 Rashidi et al. [45] Activity recognition Discover pattern and mimic these pattern 2008 Raad et al.[46] Telemedicine Support elderly and disabled 2008 Brdiczka et al. [49] Comfort Identification of introduction, presentation, aperitif, game and siesta 2009 Wang et al. [51] Remote control Appliance monitoring and control via mobile devices and computers form distance location 2009 Yongping et al. [52] Remote control Appliance monitoring and control through web browser from remote location 2009 Chen et al.[54] Energy conservation Reducing energy wastage 2009 Chen et al.[54] Home automation Intelligent appliance monitoring and control 2009 Earella et al. [55] Aging in place Fall, immobility and reaction incapacity identification 2009 Kumar et al. [56] Health care To measure sit-to-stand (SiSt) duration 2009 Lu et al. [58] Activity recognition Classification of inhabitant activities 2009 V. Conclusion Smart home technology is still in its early stage and has failed to achieve anticipated results. Satisfying the need of user is the major challenge in smart home research and implementation. One way is providing intelligence to each home appliance and controlling them by central intelligence. And the other way is developing a single central intelligent system to control all appliances. Providing distributed intelligence to all appliances will be more effective as it removes the burden of processing huge information from the central intelligent system. Each device is responsible for its domain and share only important information with central intelligent system. The system will be eventually transformed to a multi agent system with distributed intelligence integrating smart appliances. Future smart homes should be developed considering privacy issues and efficient security system must be employed for information protection. The infrastructure should be fully utilized to accommodate user satisfactions. Data processing and summarization should be more accurate and cost effective. User should feel comfort with all the extra equipment installed to provide extended facilities. Finally, userà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s rhythm of life should be examined carefully and smart home should behave according to the user.

What You Need to Do About Photo Essay Topics in a List Beginning in the Next Seven Minutes

What You Need to Do About Photo Essay Topics in a List Beginning in the Next Seven Minutes Photo Essay Topics in a List Help! A little country town is going to have a really different subject than a huge city. There are likely to be many jobs and careers which people do you have zero idea about. No matter in which you live, there'll be countless neighborhood events throughout the year. Snow days are excellent for family quality time. Within this freelance world we dwell in, I really like just a little guidance, a small direction. You must give them a feeling of where they're going, an image that permits them to understand the remaining part of the story in a geographic context. Be aware that sometimes an awareness of place can be communicated in a collection of detail images. Choose the target audience. A photo essay isn't anything more than a set of pictures that tell a comprehensive story with a minimal use of words. You must have a comprehensive comprehension of your subject if you should create a productive photo essay. These still images may be found from several perspectives and are interpreted in various ways. Getting the Best Photo Essay Topics in a List It is not important to us, whether you're too busy on the job concentrating on a passion undertaking, or simply tired of a seemingly infinite stream of assignments. A project is something to help you become from a photographic slump, doing the exact thing over and over again. Photo projects supply a fantastic method to try out something new and will be able to help you escape from a rut. Even if it's only a personal passion undertaking. Close-up, sometimes referred to as detail shots, don't carry a whole lot of narrative. What an ideal scenario would look like is capturing the men and women in their very own space. One of the excellent things relating to this digital era is that photography has gotten more accessible to everyone. Oftentimes, photographers like to provide dramatic meaning to different scenarios. Photo submission Submit your initial photo. Photo essays techniques are quite important. They are a simple, engaging way to start. All photo essays should be constructed around a concrete emotional reaction. Editing is the point where the magic happens. Photography themes are a really good means to organize your photography. What to Do About Photo Essay Topics in a List Experienced term paper writers are affordable and they are able to help you acquire the information that you require for your topic. Moral argumentative essay topics are a few of the simplest to get carried away with. Out of the many forms of essays, photo essays are definitely the most illustrious. An argumentative essay requires you to choose a topic and have a position on it. It is dependent on requirements to a specific essay or your own alternative. 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Marijuana has not proved to improve the danger of cancer. New Ideas Into Photo Essay Topics in a List Never Before Revealed At times it's just not feasible. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about a coming deadline. School should happen in the evenings. Year round school isn't a good idea. Lies You've Been Told About Photo Essay Topics in a List There's, obviously, a limit on the variety of pages even our finest writers can produce with a pressing deadline, but generally, we figure out how to satisfy all the clients seeking urgent assistance. Whenever you choose to ask us for skilled aid, don't hesitate to speak to our support managers. A seasoned professional will make an error-free assignment right away and can help you boost your grades. Our term paper writing service permits customers to select the writer they wish to work with based on their abilities and assignment requirements. How to Choose Photo Essa y Topics in a List Among the most well-known ones, there's a photograph in social networking, the history of photography, social effect of photography compare and contrast of various facets and nuances on the art of photography, etc.. The blueprint for a normal Life magazine story required eight unique varieties of pictures to ensure photographers came back with a number of imagery. The art of photography occupies the equal place in accordance with the other types of art. When news organizations do this variety of story often the work of many photographers and possibly even crowd-sourced photos are used. A portrait series isn't the only sort of series. A run of small details can be applied as a mosaic in 1 image.

What Is the Difference Between Flammable Inflammable

Flammable and inflammable are two words that cause confusion. You can tell both words pertain to flames, but its difficult to know whether they mean the same thing or are opposites. The truth is, flammable and inflammable mean exactly the same thing: a substance burns easily or readily catches fire. So, why are there two different words? According to Merriam-Websters Dictionary of English Usage, back in the 1920s, the National Fire Protection Association urged people to start using the word flammable rather than inflammable (which was the original word) because they were concerned some people might think inflammable meant not-flammable or nonflammable. Actually, the in- in inflammable was derived from the Latin preposition en-, which serves as an intensifier (as in enflamed and engulfed), not the Latin prefix meaning un-, meaning not. Its not like everyone knew the derivation of the word, so the change probably made sense. However, confusion persists today regarding which word to use. While flammable is the preferred modern term for a material that catches fire readily, inflammable has the same meaning. The opposite, a material that wont burn easily, is either not-flammable or non-flammable. Examples of flammable materials include wood, kerosene, and alcohol. Examples of nonflammable materials include helium, glass, and steel. While it may surprise you, another example of a non-flammable substance is oxygen—which, as an oxidizer, is instead combustible.

The Crisis Known as the Great Depression - 2220 Words

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It also had many effects which left an impact on America still up to this day. At that ti me, there was no abundance of anything: not jobs, not food, and certainly not an abundance of money, but there was surely an abundance of sadness. America had no hope since the money was a thin, green line. The Great Depression impacted the economy

Literary Research Paper The Great Gatsby by F. Scott...

Literary Research Paper: The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald is known as America’s great novel, â€Å"The Great Gatsby is a classic piece of American fiction. It is a novel of triumph and tragedy, noted for the remarkable way Fitzgerald captured a cross-section of American society.†(Cliffsnotes Editor) The novel is set in New York City, more specifically in long island; East Egg and West Egg, during the prohibition era in the 1920’s and was then published in 1925.(Bruccoli Joseph.) Distinguishing similarities exist between Fitzgerald, Carraway and Gatsby, one being; Fitzgerald used Carraway and Gatsby to exquisitely represent his character in the real world. Gatsby the protagonist of the story†¦show more content†¦The era consisted of â€Å"personal and moral corruption of a culture based on the social and moral prerogatives of wealth.† F. Scott Fitzgerald was a novelist who based his works on the Jazz Age and he was also considered one of the best short story writers of the twentieth century. Fitzgerald was born September 24, 1896, and grew up the only son of a working class mother and aristocratic father.(Jonathan Schiff) Due to the contrast between the lifestyles his parents lived, he was skeptical of the American dream, which for him was ostentatious but still somewhat promising.(Ruth Prigozy) Fitzgerald displayed many similarities between himself and Gatsby, both having immensely romantic imaginations.(Shmoop Editor) His short stories are now iconic novels which everyone has either read or heard of. Jay Gatsby, also known as James Gatsby is The Great Gatsby’s protagonist. Jay Gatsby attempted to live out the American Dream but rather than doing so he diedShow MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1162 Words   |  5 Pages The novel The Great Gatsby, by F. 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Scott Fitzgerald, an American novelist and short-story writer, was an amazing author who u sed his work, just like in the quote aboveRead MoreAnalysis : The Five Eighty Eight And Stone Mattress 1746 Words   |  7 PagesWhen I first started thinking about my research paper I planned on using both short stories from my Compare/Contrast essay that focused on abused women who seek their revenge on their abusers. As someone who knows women who have been abused by men and one even sexually assaulted, I feel very passionately about this topic. I wanted to write about the physiological and emotional changes women faced as a result of their abuse. In my first Compare/Contrast essay I talked about boys growingRead MoreWhat Is The Adaptation Of The Great Gatsby895 Words   |  4 Pagesthis paper is to explain differences between movie adaptations, and the book The Great Gatsby. I will examine major differences such as setting, soundtrack, and wardrobe choices. 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During my only other writing specific course, I was not given much to work with. The only two papers I had any amount of interest in were about how Nick Carroway of F. Scott Fitzgerald s The Great Gatsby was an unreliable narratorRead MoreThe Disenchanted Research Paper3448 Words   |  14 PagesResearch paper: The Disenchanted F. Scott Fitzgerald’s life and work were in a knot from the start; his profession spanned one of the most tumultuous eras of the century, and from the very start he was the creator and the victim of the new culture of celebrity which accompanied the rise of modern technology. Budd Schulberg masterfully created a character that closely and in many ways represents Fitzgerald in his later years; Manley Halliday is that character. â€Å"His mind’s eye, incurably bifocalRead MoreIntroduction : How ve He Do That?10829 Words   |  44 Pagesenhances the reading and provokes the reader to analyze the text in a more productive way. 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The Enlightenment And The Enlightenment During The...

â€Å"Have the courage to use your own intelligence! Is therefore the motto of the Enlightenment,† (Kant). The Enlightenment consisted of the ideas of nature, reason, progress, and optimism. Sir Isaac Newton, a scientist during the Scientific Revolution, greatly influenced the Enlightenment due to his stance on natural law. The idea of a social contract, where the power to govern came from the consent of the governed, was a major force during this time period. Adam Smith, a physiocrat from Great Britain, supported the idea of laissez-faire economics. During this time period, deism, the belief in an impersonal God, was popular due to its logical approach to religion. During the Enlightenment, an egalitarian society formed where the main focus†¦show more content†¦The major influencers of the Enlightenment include John Locke and Isaac Newton, as well as the Renaissance ideals. Similar to the Renaissance, the Enlightenment greatly valued the education of its people, and brought about an age of optimism and rationalism. Another influencer was the British philosopher, John Locke. John Locke described the importance of the natural rights of life, liberty, and property, and that nothing should be infringed upon these rights. He was an advocate for fairness in regards to individuals and the government. Locke believed the power of the government should be granted from the consent of the governed. Isaac Newton was an English mathematician, astronomer, theologian, and physicist who greatly contributed to the Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution. Newton discovered the Natural Law of Gravity, and gave the first modern scientific synthesis of the physical universe. Newton shared his ideas of natural law, that certain rights are inherent by virtue of human nature, endowed by nature, and that these can be understood universally through human reason. Essentially, â€Å"there was only one universe to discover, and this universe had been discovered by Newt on,† (Palmer). He brought about a new feeling of strength in humanity that influenced the Enlightenment. Humans â€Å"...were creatures of great capacity in their own right, living in aShow MoreRelatedEssay on Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment903 Words   |  4 PagesDiscuss the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment along with the subsequent reaction as embodied by the Romantic movement. Give specific examples of how these movements affected the arts. What was their eventual impact on the western intellectual world. The Scientific revolution and The Enlightenment period overlapped by a hundred years and were co-occurring between 1650-1750. 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A Move to a Better Life Essay Sample free essay sample

I ever ask the inquiry to myself. what would come of me if I would hold stayed and lived in my â€Å"hometown† . the metropolis of Long Beach for the entireness of my juvenile life. The populated metropolis is north of San Diego and about 20 stat mis south of the metropolis of Los Angeles. Common in most towns or metropoliss anyplace in the universe. there is what’s known as a friendly side of town and a bad. sketchy. or ghetto side of town. In Long Beach it is no different with it holding a well-known offense populated country. Where my household and I used to shack was on the more risky countries to populate in Long Beach because of non holding the most sum of money I’m certain my parents would hold liked. The vicinity was bulk Mexican and African-American populated throughout and I had a batch of Mexican friends turning up playing with them or holding them over to my house for a small drama day of the month. We will write a custom essay sample on A Move to a Better Life Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I used to discourse in Spanish a small spot with them and their parents and English every bit good but non fluently. It was a really multi-cultural manner of life because most of the family’s that lived there including ours were really traditional and household oriented. On the down side it was besides a really gang populated town about where we lived and at the local High school around us. It was non the safest topographic point to turn up as a yearling but it was where my sister and I were born. In the summer on 2002 my male parent got a occupation chance to work in San Francisco and travel from his hometown and household ; he chose for my household and I to travel north 45 proceedingss of San Francisco to a little town of Petaluma and I believe that was the greatest thing that could hold happened to me and still is to this day of the month. My male parent could be one of the strongest work forces that I know in my life. He isn’t the most fit or healthy feeding peoples either but excels in the strength of the head and spirit. When me and my household moved up north 450 stat mis to get down a life of our ain I didn’t rather understand until the past few old ages how hard it was for my male parent to make so. We lived in Long Beach for the first 10 old ages of my life because of my male parent had a occupation for a company called Boeing and we didn’t want to hold him transpose. We were merely a 20 minute thrust from the whole remainder of my dad’s household who lived in Santa Monica and we practically went to hold dinner or see them every other twenty-four hours. It was by and large all of our household and they had all been born and raised around Southern California and stayed and started their ain households at that place. Thus it would be about impossible to believe of that my male parent and female parent would travel us off from something so foreign. to a quite state life that is a complete 180 grades from a busy muggy metropolis life of Los Angeles and Long Beach. Though after speaking with my pa he told me of one narrative of one dark he was up late observation Television and he heard a clang ; a rummy driver had swerved onto our lawn but went past and drove into the side of our following door neighbor’s house. Besides subsequently that hebdomad my cousin. 18 at the clip. had been jumped on his manner place from school and my pa could m erely conceive of if that happened to me. These two things were the breakage point for him and did non desire that sort of childhood for his ain childs. If you have seen the film Freedom Writers. it is based from Woodrow Wilson High School in Long Beach. California and that was the local high school I lived around and would hold attended when I grew to the appropriate age. It is non as pack oriented every bit much as it was back when they made the film and book but still is a whole different universe than the simple. safe. state Casa Grande High School in Petaluma. I do love that I went there and made all the great friends that I have to today but compared to Woodrow. it was a bar walk of life. I used to non wish athleticss when I was smaller because my friends didn’t like to make it and didn’t start playing until I was in Petaluma because most all the childs I met did. I was merely nine or ten but I’m certain my parents wouldn’t have pressured me into playing if I didn’t want and what else would I have been making through junior high and high school with all that free clip with friends non being occupied by faculty members or sports. I don’t talk or see any of my old immature friends that I used to populate by and travel to Elementary School with. but I am friends with a few of them on Facebook and other socie tal web sites. A few of them are gang oriented or merely look like they have been through a unsmooth life and merely makes me believe about what life would be like if that were me or if I still lived at that place. I’m non stating they don’t enjoy their lives or they have non appreciated it but it is easy to state life is more unsafe and complicated there with offense. poorness around where they live and hang out. Populating in Long Beach until the age nine and below I don’t recall most of the clip that I had populating at that place. I can remember a certain minute in every Christmas. birthday. or possibly a large household event. but other than that I don’t have the best memory of how life aspired. We lived in little to medium size two sleeping room house that my sister and I slept in the same room. I wasn’t allowed to be out in the forepart yard of all time if I wasn’t with my ma or pa. Once we moved to Petaluma it was a passage for all of us. At first I wasn’t able to kip for the first few hebdomads because it was excessively rather at dark until I got to the full adapted to the scenery. Besides my male parent and I found out that we had a batch more allergic reactions than we thought as we became reacted to wherever we went it had seemed like. I shortly after began subscribing up into baseball. hoops. and association football and I continue playing baseb all until this twenty-four hours. But after the first few months we became adapted to the conditions. made friends. and fell in love with our new hometown. It’s weird to believe that one of the biggest determinations in my immature short life has been made for me and affected what I would hold been and what I am today. I am highly thankful for the bravery my male parent and female parent had to take us and travel us off from the metropolis to the state. To give us a opportunity at an independent. simple life that we wouldn’t have to worry about anything but merely being childs. traveling to school. and populating our lives the manner we wanted. They merely wanted to give us the life that they were neer able to hold when they were our age. As Jon Krakauer said in his novel Into the Wild. â€Å"†¦make a extremist alteration in your life style and get down to boldly make things which you may antecedently neer have thought of making. or been excessively hesitating to try. So many people live within unhappy fortunes and yet will non take the enterprise to alter their state of affairs because they are conditioned to a life of security. conformance. and preservation. all of which may look to give one peace of head. but in world nil is more detrimental to the adventuresome spirit within a adul t male than a unafraid future† .