Annual marketing plan of general motors

Annual marketing plan of general motors An annual marketing plan is a powerful management tool for business organizations targeting to strengthen their market positions. The plan provides a guide on all marketing activities for an entire financial year. A good marketing plan is obtained from a strategic marketing study and research based on a particular organization. In this essay, we focus on General Motors Companys annual marketing plan which contains its situation analysis, marketing objectives, strategies, tactics, financial considerations and a timetable for implementation. A situation analysis provides a general understanding of General Motors internal and external business environments (Brown Ph D Brown, 2008). This is the analysis of the company, customers, collaborators, competitors and the climate (NetMBA.com, 2010). The company is one of the worlds largest automaker with several years of experience and operating in over 157 countries in the world and has its headquarters in Detroit. It sells and services vehicles through several known brands such as Chevrolet and FAW among others. The company is well known brand name in the competitive automotive industry and uses the latest technology in managing its entire marketing network all over the world. The companys culture is to produce and sell high quality vehicles and services to the entire world. Moreover, greatest goal is to retain all its customers for the future service provision. In addition, the company has a diverse supplier base which provides quality raw materials for its production process. The supplier diversity ensures that the company gets the best for its investments which go a long way in customer satisfaction (General Motors, 2010). The company has a very huge world market with broad customer base which is being targeted by its marketing plan. These customers are provided with timely discounts on vehicle sales as well as services which motivate them thus increasing purchases. Also, the company is in a very competitive automotive industry facing actual threat from existing players such as Toyota and other potential new entrants. Currently, the Worlds political and regulatory environment is stable and favors the company good performance. On the other hand, the economic environment is still recovering from recession which decreased customers purchasing power. However, the new technology and the social environment are good for the companys marketing strategies (General Motors, 2010). The marketing objectives of General Motors include the recovering the lost market share by the end of the year. This is because recently the company lost United States market share to Ford Motor Co. and Toyota Motor Corp. The second company objective is to increase its annual sales revenue by over 30 %. This is to recover from its fall of light-vehicle sales by 5.7 % and also to counter Ford and Toyota sales which have soared over 30 % respectively (Bloomberg, 2010). Another marketing strategy is to position itself in the market for easy and quick introduction of new innovative products and services throughout the year. This is because the company uses its innovative strategies to meet dynamic customer demands for automotives which require appropriate marketing plan. Moreover, the company aims to improve its corporate image throughout the year as well as raise public awareness of all its automotive models and services (Berry Wilson, 2000). The company marketing strategies will include; advertising, sales promotion, publicity and direct marketing. The advertisements will entail the paid spaces and airtime on the broadcast and print media. Moreover, the outdoor advertisements with huge pictures of the model vehicles could attract new and existing customers. The sales promotion involves the use of incentives and offers that encourage the population to purchase its products and services at specific times. The publicity is that awareness created by the information and opinion carried by third parties about the companys automotives and services. The direct marketing involves the personal presentation to customers or prospective buyers on the vehicle performances and services offered. This direct marketing can be done through any convenient mode of correspondence between the company employees and the target customers (Mullin Cummins, 2008). The tactics to be employed by the company are aimed at maximizing the achievement of specific marketing objectives through particular strategies. The major tactic is for the company to engage integrated marketing which utilizes the four strategic marketing tools in a balanced way to achieve its objectives. For instance, General Motors is an industrial company and as such most emphasis should be put on direct marketing. In addition, the company will select specific periods within the year to carry out sales promotion aimed at acquiring short term sales targets. Moreover, the advertisement strategy is worth monitoring so as to use the most appropriate advertisement media such as the internet, newspaper or broadcast. Furthermore, the publicity tool will constantly be in use when the company offers good products and services to third parties who in turn speak about the company thus achieving indirect marketing (Mullin Cummins, 2008). The financial consideration for the companys marketing plan is to ensure that the benefits value exceed the marketing expenses. The marketing expenses will be monitored throughout the entire year to avoid any budget variances. The marketing plan affects the sales, cost of sales and the marketing expenses all of which directly affects profitability and cash flow. Therefore financial consideration is very important for any effective marketing plan (Berry Wilson, 2000). The timetable of implementation of this marketing plan begins immediately and will run through the entire financial year. The various marketing strategies and tools will be used appropriately at different times and sometimes blended to achieve maximum objectives. The final marketing report will be prepared at the end of the year for the appraisal purposes. This final report will be used further in the preparation of the next annual marketing plan. In conclusion, an annual marketing plan is a crucial management tool that is used by General Motors to achieve their management objectives.

Nietzsche y el Cristianismo :: Spanish Essays

Nietzsche y el Cristianismo "2. El mundo verdadero, inasequible por ahora, pero prometido al sabio, al piadoso, al virtuoso ( «al pecador que hace penitencia »). (Progreso de la Idea: à ©sta se vuelve mà ¡s sutil, mà ¡s capciosa, mà ¡s inaprensible, -se convierte en una mujer [sie wird Weib], se hace cristiana...)". (1) El segundo movimiento de la conocida  «Historia de un error » del Crepà ºsculo de los à ­dolos es el texto que abre el espacio de nuestra reflexià ³n. Alrededor de à ©l, en su proximidad, otros textos se inscriben en esta misma là ­nea que pone los tà ©rminos  «mujer » y  «cristianismo » uno al lado del otro. Los temas son plurales y complejos, incluso en su anà ¡lisis independiente:  «Nietzsche y la mujer »;  «Nietzsche y el cristianismo ». Ambos recorren el camino entero del pensar del filà ³sofo; ambos pueden ser leà ­dos bajo la à ³ptica de la propuesta de un nuevo modo de pensar y hacer filosofà ­a. Cuanto menos permanece la pregunta, tambià ©n en relacià ³n con el primer problema. Nuestro propà ³sito en esta contribucià ³n es, sin embargo, sencillo y modesto. Consiste en ofrecer algunas notas alrededor del texto puesto delante y de los que con à ©l relacionamos, en el ensayo de alimentar el terreno de un debate. El relato de la  «Historia de un error » es cà ©lebre por ser una de las fabulaciones de Nietzsche mà ¡s atendidas por la crà ­tica, especialmente dentro del à ¡mbito de anà ¡lisis de la peculiar visià ³n del filà ³sofo de la historia de la filosofà ­a y de la cuestià ³n consiguiente del lugar que ocupa su propio pensamiento en la tradicià ³n metafà ­sica. La lectura de Heidegger subrayà ³ la importancia del fragmento sobre todo cuando se busca en Nietzsche un pensar mà ¡s allà ¡ de la mera inversià ³n del platonismo. (2) Mas, lo significativo para nuestro tema es cà ³mo, aun transcribiendo por entero el segundo momento del devenir de la  «idea », Heidegger omite todo comentario sobre la frase destacada por Nietzsche: "se convierte en una mujer". (3) Derrida hace notar la ausencia heideggeriana y construye su texto repensando lo no-pensado,  «la mujer » de Nietzsche. (4) Aunque no podemos aquà ­ reconstruir su anà ¡lisis, sà ­ queremos reconocerle nuest ra deuda, y destacar la nueva orientacià ³n que ha ofrecido a la historia de las interpretaciones del texto. Derrida anuncia: "No hay una mujer, una verdad en sà ­ de la mujer en sà ­"; (5) libera la mirada hacia el reconocimiento de la variada tipologà ­a presente en la obra de Nietzsche. En este caso, en la  «Historia de un error », la mujer como potencia  «castradora », en cuanto figura del cristianismo y del momento de la distancia de la verdad dogmà ¡tica, se opone a la instancia afirmativa de la  «mujer-vida ».

Expression Through Experience: the Impact of Writers Lives Through Poetry

A. J. Vega Professor Alba English 1317: Introduction to Literature February 13, 2013 Expression Through Experience: The Impact of Writers Lives Through Poetry Poetry comes in various styles, writings, languages, and elements, but it is not just the literature that is different: the poets have their own unique way to write and express themselves through poems. From the 1600s’ to the present, poetry and literature as a whole has changed greatly based on the experiences and events that have taken place in the lives of writers.Like many other people in this world, they have witnessed death, tragedy, heartbreak, and loss of hope, which inspired their writings and changing the world of literature. Because of this, many people can relate to these poems because of similar experiences and can reflect on their perspectives and compare their ideals to the poets that express their thoughts in their work. People like Robert Frost, William Shakespeare, and Matthew Arnold, all unique poets, have made connections to their lives and invested their time into writing poems to express their ideas and feelings to relate to people everywhere.Robert Frost was an American poet during the Naturalism period. This period lasted from the end of the nineteenth century to the early twentieth century. During this period there was brutality of human live and of nature as well (Alba). According to Josh Rahn, â€Å"The dominant theme of Naturalist literature is that persons are fated to whatever station in life their heredity, environment, and social conditions prepare them for. † This implies that people’s lives would be dependent on their own experiences like where and how they lived, who they were and their status in society.Rahn would also relate the Naturalist period to be â€Å"the logical growth of literary Realism† (Rahn). The Naturalist writers of this time did not include religion in their literature, and does not expect the world to change, whether their p erspectives about it are good or bad. At the same time of the Naturalist period, the Progressive Era took place. This is a time where America was starting to be acknowledged as a powerful nation in the world, but internally, the nation was suffering. This was the time leading intoWorld War I and right before the Roaring Twenties and then the Great Depression, which were all unexpected and rapid events occurring right after another. Robert Frost was born in San Francisco in 1874 and moved to the New England area at the age of eleven. Frost married Elinor Miriam White, who was his main inspiration for many of his poetry before her death in 1938 (Academy of American Poets). He was also inspired by British poets during that time like: Edward Thomas, Rupert Brooke, and Robert Graves (Academy of American Poets).Much of Frost’s work that he wrote described the area and landscape of New England, one of which is â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening. † The title, â€Å"St opping by Woods on a Snowy Evening† already gives a general idea of what the poem is describing in which the narrator is in the woods while it is snowing. What makes this poem so interesting is its many interpretations, its different perspectives and its eerie setting that is portrayed. As Frost describes the cold, snow-filled evening through intricate imagery (describing the New England winter nights), a question of why the narrator stops in the woods arises.He admired the dark, snowy, woods a lot which would imply that he enjoyed living in the North New England area and that he often looked around and took notice of his surroundings. Also, many would like to interpret the last two lines of the poem, â€Å"And miles to go before I sleep,† in various ways. It is emphasized by its repeated two lines in the last stanza and based on his personal life it could be metaphorical to after losing his wife that he must continue to live. It is hard to tell why Robert Frost wrote t his poem, because of the vagueness of the poem.Maybe it was about Frost visiting an old friend or acquaintance or even a close relative. The mysteriousness about the poem puts the reader in a sort of disequilibrium, to fathom why would someone stop in the woods on a snowy evening. William Shakespeare was a famous British writer and poet during the English Renaissance. This period took place from 1500 to 1660, right after the medieval period, known as the Dark Ages, where a â€Å"rebirth† transformation occurred (Alba). People had a thirst for learning, reading literature, and rt; many of the things were man centered, rather than being focused on God, taking a shift from religion to the ideas on humanity (Alba). Also, advances in medicine and the discovery of the human circulatory system came about (Alba). One of the most important things that came about during the English Renaissance was the invention of the printing press in 1440 by Johannes Gutenberg (Rahn). Through the pri nting press, literature was made very accessible to people, and encouraged reading and learning and an increase of different ideas to spread.As Rahn describes that it â€Å"maximized printing efficiency in a way that changed the world of arts, letters, and ideas forever. † It was timely and expensive to rewrite copies of different literature, which made it hard for people to get a hold of and read, but now that it was accessible, everyone felt encouraged to start reading, especially the fascinating works of Shakespeare. William Shakespeare was known for both his poems and his other literature and also known as a â€Å"word smith,† where he would make up words derived from different languages, to further describe something that was happening in any of his works (Alba).Shakespeare composed his sonnets between 1553 and 1601, and published in 1609, which consisted of 154 different sonnets written in Shakespearean (Academy of American Poets). The Shakespearean writing techn ique is written with three quatrains and a couplet, making it a fourteen line poem, called a sonnet (Alba). All the sonnets fell into two groups: sonnets 1 to 126 were written for â€Å"a beloved friend, a handsome and noble young man,† and 127 to 152 were addressed â€Å"to a malignant but fascinating ‘Dark Lady,’ whom the poet loves in spite of himself† (Academy of American Poets).This is interesting and yet mysterious, as Josh Rahn explains that, â€Å"very few details of the playwright’s life are known today. † What is known about Shakespeare is that he married Ann Hathaway at the age of eighteen and had two daughters (Academy of American Poets). One of the sonnets Shakespeare wrote, Sonnet 116 talks about what true love is in the eyes of Shakespeare. Since this is the one-hundredth and sixteenth sonnet, this poem was addressed to one of his beloved relatives.Maybe Shakespeare was a mentor to his relative and was trying to describe what l ove is to him or her and trying to encourage the relative to not give up on the power of love because it could be mistaken for something else. In the first stanza, Shakespeare first lets the reader know what love is not before he continues to what love is. He describes love to not be a marriage of two people, and change or fall when things happen. He continues on his second stanza where Shakespeare describes that, â€Å"It is an ever-fixed mark that looks on tempest and is never shaken† (Shakespeare).The â€Å"ever-fixed mark† that Shakespeare describes is the North Star, the only star in the sky that never moves when traveling; it was a great way for navigation, especially for naval exploration (Alba). During this time, naval exploration began, in which the Americas were discovered and Britain had the greatest navy at the time (Alba). Compared to the North Star, love is never changed and will always be there and will be the â€Å"star to ever wandering bark† (S hakespeare). He also capitalizes the word â€Å"time† in this case, also personifying it to provide emphasis and power to the word. Love’s not Time’s fool† simply relates to the fact that love is forever and that is not controlled by time and does not diminish over time. His last two lines of his sonnet portray his confidence in his own intellectual thoughts and ideas on love. If he was not right, then he never did write, which is not true at all. The Victorian Era (named after Queen Victoria in England) lasted from 1832 to 1901, ending immediately the death of the Queen (Alba). During that time, â€Å"Nearly every institution of society was shaken by rapid and unpredictable change† (Rahn).All of Europe’s nations economies increased and accelerated, the steam engine technology grew, leading to an increase in factory production, and a large income of wealth started the rise of the â€Å"middle class,† according to Josh Rahn on his writi ngs of the Victorian Era. Apart from the positive progress scientifically and economically, there were negatives that affected the demographic of Europe at that time. People were looking towards science and leaving their faith and religion (Alba).The theories of evolution and natural selection, according to Rahn, â€Å"brought humanity down to the level of an animal, and seemingly reduced the meaning of life to a bloody struggle for survival. † They had no need for a God in their lives and relied on their strength and wisdom alone. This led to both an increase in optimism and hope for the future, yet also for others, the downfall of human society and the loss of hope in the world. Matthew Arnold, who lived during the Victorian Era was the son of a clergyman and had religion in his whole life (Alba).He studied at Oxford University and eventually became a professor of poetry at Oxford through his â€Å"reputation as a poet† (Academy of American Poets). One of the things that Arnold struggled with in his writing was that his poetry reflected his problems with psychological isolation (Academy of American Poets). Although he was the son of a minister, he often had trouble with his own faith and â€Å"sought to establish the essential truth of Christianity† (Academy of American Poets).One of the most well known things that Matthew Arnold was known for was his critical essays which â€Å"established criticism as an art form, and has influenced almost every major English critic,† making him undoubtably encouraging with his writings (Academy of American Poets). During this era, he felt encouraged to write, â€Å"Dover Beach. † Dover Beach, located in England, is a vacation spot and a place for romantics with white cliffs that are made of salt with smooth, round rocks and pebbles that replace regular sand that would normally be on the beach (Alba).There are two perspectives as to why Matthew Arnold wrote this poem: that he was talking to a loved one to try to find something to hold on to while the world is dark and seemingly falling apart, or that he is trying to seduce a woman. Since he struggled with various problems in his personal life and the changes that had been occurring in Europe, he must have been trying to find something positive in his life to escape from the real world and focus on the present time. Arnold proclaims in his last stanza of his poem, â€Å"let us be true to one another!For the world, which seems to lie before us like a land of dreams, so various, so beautiful, so new, hath really neither joy, nor love, nor light† to try to keep an optimistic point of view in the darkness of everything around him (Arnold). The way that Arnold uses metaphors to compare the sea to the faith that used to be strong and shake the rocks back and forth now dies in the encompassment of the earthly things that darken the hopes and dreams and people with its â€Å"melancholy, long, withdrawing roar† (Arnold).Matthew Arnold was not trying to use crafty words to seduce a woman into bed with him, he was begging for a light of hope to beacon from this Dover Beach that seems to have lost its own light through the struggles, doubts and despair of others. Through these different poets and writers, people can get a clearer understanding of what it meant to live in various time periods, and the struggles and achievements that they went through and relate it to their poems and writings.Robert Frost, William Shakespeare, and Matthew Arnold affected the literary world through their writings and influenced others to express their lives through the art of poetry and other literature. As their works continue to live on, people will continue to be influenced by both their lives and poetry and hopefully shape their perception on life based on both their individual experiences, and the experiences expressed through these writers. Works Cited Academy of American Poets, 1997-2013. Web. 09 Feb. 201 3. Alba, Brandy. â€Å"Dover Beach† Lecture. Concordia University Texas. 30 Jan. 013. Lecture. Alba, Brandy. â€Å"Sonnet 116† Lecture. Concordia University Texas. 25 Jan. 2013. Lecture. Alba, Brandy. â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening† Lecture. Concordia University Texas. 01 Feb. 2013. Lecture. Arnold, Matthew. â€Å"Dover Beach†. The Victorian Web, 2002. Web. 10 Feb. 2013 Frost, Robert. â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening†. The Random House Book of Poetry,1983. Poetry Foundation 2013. Web. 10 Feb. 2013. Rahn, Josh. The Literature Network. Jalic Inc. , 2011. Web. 09 Feb. 2013. Shakespeare, William. â€Å"Sonnet 116†. Amanda Mabillard, 1999-2010. Web. 10 Feb. 2013.

How Accurate Is Huxleys Vision of the Future.

Back To the Future In a world where people have sex all the time, take drugs to make themselves happier, and have no parents to tell them what to do, they have fun all the time. Huxley’s vision of the future sounds like a college kids dream. Huxley’s vision in his novel, Brave New World, describes a future that will never happen. Huxley’s vision of the future describes a delusion because the United States acts stubborn. We do not agree to anything most countries do, like the math system, language, and currency.The United States acts on its own. No one controls the United States. Most people from our country behave conservatively. People live off religion, it gives people hope that a paradise does exist even in a tough world called life. No person would agree to have sex all the time with anyone and everyone. People want love and a monogamous relationship. People also have jealousy issues. Americans act possessive, no person wants to give up family; it teaches loy alty and love. Most of the rules in Huxley’s novel sound illegal.Five year olds play erotic games; this screams child pornography. What sick person would force children to have sex with each other? The caste system correlates to India which falls under illegal activities. Most importantly, people have to do above and beyond geniuses to develop the test tube theory etc. The education systems in the United States, Canada, and Europe fabricate learning; the children’s mindset of school describes it as a place called hell. They have to meet certain requirements in order to discover ways to make people without sexual reproduction.Brave New World is impossible. Love makes people who they are. Without love; fairness, hope, faith, generosity, humanity, kindheartedness, and compassion would never exist. (â€Å"I want to know what passion is†¦ I want to feel something strongly. † Aldous Huxley, Brave New World, p. 102). Some points in the novel do run parallel with a near future of the United States, such as, no sacred marriages, sex obsessed people, atheist, need for drugs/ alcohol, and hunger for power and control do surround the United States.Although, the possibilities of the future obtain endless outcomes, with the lack of intelligent people, Brave New World will not happen anytime soon because more important dilemmas in the world today take precedence, such as, world hunger, poverty, finding a cure for incurable diseases, crime, and the economy. We have to fix the mess we live in now or no perverted fiction future will ever exist without the advances in government and education. Huxley’s vision will only ever exist in a troubled mind.

Erving Goffman The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life Essay

Erving Goffman has completed a wonderful presentation of human behaviour and face-to-face interactions, of a first meeting between two people, who may or may not have an audience. The use of a theatrical performance to explain the interaction was indeed an ingenious idea that kept me intrigued until the very end. This book was written in 1959 but its referencing to human behaviour is still very much relevant to today’s life style. Human behaviour patterns have been written about by many individuals over the years, why we do the things we do or how long we have been undertaking these behaviours. Is there any relevance to the patterns in our behaviour? It would seem there definitely appears to be. As a society, to influence how another person perceives who we are. We give appearances and refinements of someone we want people to see, yet not particularly who we truly are. Goffman describes this as a performance, a play that we put on to give a good first impression. This play could become a nightmare, if we do not keep it under control. It can be difficult to play the part of someone you are not, for the reason that it can rebound on you. It is better to persist with who you are, and not reveal all of yourself in the beginning, like a good story. To present who we are, we should start at the foundation, begin with presenting an opening act. This act should be near to true life, the person you would like to be known as. Currently a person of importance gives the impression that they know what they are doing, example your doctor. If they were a person who, on first meeting gave the impression that they were unsure, confused and unconfident, would you go back to them? No, perhaps not. Even when they are having a bad day your doctor will always appear to be in control, so that we feel more at ease. When we first meet new people we try to acquire information about them, it is then how the person delivers this information, that we base our assumptions. People give information verbally and non-verbally by expressions, movements, gestures and other presumably unintentional communications, like a slight smile. Our brain takes all this information into consideration then makes a personal judgment based on the material it collects. There is so much information for us to collect and make our decision on, that we sometimes need a second meeting to be able to make a correct judgement on a particular person we have meet. Goffman concludes that his own assumptions are made upon a face-to-face interaction and the result of an encounter, the performance that is given to each particular participant and their performance as a basic point of reference. In conclusion, Goffmans writings clearly represent how we present ourselves in everyday life today, and possibly well into the future. References Erving, Goffman (1959). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life, New York, Anchor Books, pp. 1-16.

Cultural anthropology and the Higaonon Tribe of Mindanao Essay

Cultural anthropology and the Higaonon Tribe of Mindanao - Essay Example Cultural anthropology refers to ‘the study of human society and culture,the sub-field that describes,explains social and cultural similarities and differences’.In order to study and interpret cultural diversity, Keesing highlights that cultural anthropologists must engage in ethnographic activity Ethnography therefore provides an account of a particular community, society and culture, and allows researchers to study local behavior beliefs, customs, social life, economic activities, politics and religion according to Kottak (2009). Introduction and Location of the Higaonon Tribe of Mindanao The Higaonon tribal population currently stands at an estimated 350, 000, and largely reside over five distinct provinces – Bukidnon, Agusan del Norte, Agusan del Sur, Misamis Oriental and Lanao del Norte. They are traditionally a nomadic tribe, traveling from one mountain to another, looking for fertile soil for a fruitful harvest. The name Higaonon is derived from the words â €˜higa’ meaning   living, the word ‘goan’, which   means mountains and the word ‘onon’ meaning people. The Higaonon tribe has thus become known as ‘people of the living mountains’. Since ‘creation times’ the Higaonon are said to have lived in their forest home, undisturbed, managing the forest in a natural and harmonious way. Higaonon Tribe Dynamics The tribe consists of eight clans centred around the eight main rivers of the Higaonon’s ‘Ancestral Domain’. These clans are divided into the warrior and peaceful clans. However, both clans now exist in peace with one another. They follow a Datuship system of government, in which each Datu (generally an elder) is trained in distinct areas of expertise, e.g. in education or spirituality. However, the Datu always leads as an administrator, and never as a ruler. Social and Cultural Customary Laws and Sacred Teachings of the Higaonon The social and cultural dynamics of the Higaonon tribal people are governed by the customary laws of Bunkatol Ha Bulawan Daw Nang Ka Tasa ha Lana, which means ‘treasured unity’ or code of conduct. It is a sacred bond that unites the entire Higaonon people, who share a common root language, history and culture (Jong, 2010). These sacred teachings include; Don't go against the law Don't disobey the sacred orders Don't be an egotistic or self-centred person Don't compare yourself to others Don't be envious of others Asking and Giving is the greatest gift of Creation Love one another Live in Peace Equality among Men Listen to everyone Religious Teaching In The Higaonon Tribe The Higaonon tribes are very spiritual and believe that every living thing has a spirit that guides or animates its behavior. The forest is viewed as the Higaonon people’s ‘church’, in which they believe that their ancestor’s spirits live in the mother trees, watching over the land. Prayer rituals a re offered to deities over sacrifices of blood, in which chickens and pigs are usually scarified to ‘the forest spirits’. Human sacrifice does not form a part of Higaonon tribal religion. Tribal burials consist of a ritual washing and cleansing of the corpse in which jewellery and face and body painting decorates the dead body to allow the spirits to identify the dead person in question. This is followed by the cremation of the body, in which the smoke and fire is believed to release the spirit of the deceased. The Higaonon tribe are also true peace loving people, and have been given the name ‘weavers of peace’ (The United Association of Higaonon Tribes, 2011) This is because their strive for peace is expressed in their traditional woven fabric, the Hinabol. The

Tree-Species Density across Environmental Gradients Zones Research Paper

Tree-Species Density across Environmental Gradients Zones - Research Paper Example Vegetative populations proliferate in a given section of land when conditions of moisture, temperature, and soil composition favor certain species at the expense of others. Experiments of this sort are crucial to enhancing our understanding of species diversity. Â  Similar ecological conditions can exist between both mountainous regions and ravine systems. Either of these landscape systems can yield effects on communities of vegetation, providing niches where they may not otherwise exist. Landscape effects can be hydrological, thermal, and these locations are known to produce microclimates with influences on soil moisture and nutrient availability. Â  The hydrological cycle in the region can experience variations in water infiltration within the soil, proclivities towards erosion/soil retention, movements of air fronts and dry adiabatic lapse rates; all relating to the slope of the terrain, or lack thereof. Terrain slopes affect soil types, which impact the growth of a variety of plants, which itself influences sunlight availability, which influences the success of subsequent vegetation. These combinations cause vegetation to arrange in communities favoring undergrowth/ground cover, shrubs, and canopy trees. Trees are of specific importance for this study, which will document tendencies of five species to colonize either of three environmental gradient-levels upon sloping terrain. Â  These gradient-levels form zones that will naturally distribute similar plants along a horizontal axis to take advantage of the slope conditions most favorable to them, while the most variation will occur along a vertical axis, as soil and air conditions vary with elevation. Â